{
  "title": "Writing Fixes What Spoken Communication Leaves Open",
  "url": "https://www.shr.swiss/blog/communication-ecrite-et-risques-de-malentendu-en",
  "language": "en",
  "datePublished": "2026-01-31",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "SHR — Swiss Human Resources",
    "url": "https://www.shr.swiss",
    "address": "Esplanade de Pont-Rouge 9A, 1212 Lancy, Suisse"
  },
  "summary": "Theory without direct experimental validation.",
  "section": "Research",
  "topic": "Communication",
  "place": {
    "name": "Fribourg",
    "region": "Fribourg",
    "country": "CH"
  },
  "keyPoints": [
    {
      "heading": "The Research",
      "point": "Daft & Lengel (1986, Management Science) classify channels according to their richness: writing is a lean medium for ambiguous issues.."
    },
    {
      "heading": "The Limitation",
      "point": "Theory without direct experimental validation.."
    },
    {
      "heading": "The Nuance",
      "point": "Sensitive issues require a rich channel; writing serves to confirm, not to discuss."
    },
    {
      "heading": "Practical Implication, Testable in Fribourg",
      "point": "Move any sensitive issue to spoken [communication](/formation/communication/fribourg) and confirm in writing afterwards."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "authors": "Lengel",
      "year": "1986",
      "source": "Management Science"
    }
  ],
  "wordCount": 98,
  "image": "https://www.shr.swiss/img/blog-Training-Communication-Fribourg-communication-ecrite-et-risques-de-malentendu-en.jpg?v=4",
  "translations": {
    "fr": "https://www.shr.swiss/blog/communication-ecrite-et-risques-de-malentendu",
    "en": "https://www.shr.swiss/blog/communication-ecrite-et-risques-de-malentendu-en",
    "de": "https://www.shr.swiss/blog/communication-ecrite-et-risques-de-malentendu-de",
    "it": "https://www.shr.swiss/blog/communication-ecrite-et-risques-de-malentendu-it"
  },
  "relatedPages": {
    "programme": "https://www.shr.swiss/formation/communication/fribourg",
    "city": "https://www.shr.swiss/formations-ville/fribourg",
    "blog": "https://www.shr.swiss/blog"
  },
  "citationPolicy": "Citation autorisée avec mention « SHR — Swiss Human Resources » et lien vers l'article."
}